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Name: Baton Rouge Recreation and Park Commission Closes Gallery   [ Edit ]

Date: 1985 - 1995

Location: North America

Subject: Explicit Sexuality ,Other

Medium: Public art

Artist: Roberta Cohen

Confronting Bodies: Baton Rouge Recreation and Park Commission, a local community member.

Date of Action: 1994

Specific Location: Baton Rouge, Louisiana

Description of Artwork: One drawing, called "Confronting your Fears," features a male figure with an erect penis strangling a woman. The other, "The Telephone Call," shows two birdlike figures, a male and female, lying in bed together while another male figure flies through the room. The drawing are meant to protest family violence and investigate gender roles and social identities.



Description of Incident: The Baton Rouge Gallery is a cooperative gallery where local artists are allowed to become members of the gallery and exhibit their work. The gallery has had a contract with the Baton Rouge Recreation and Park Commission to use it's facilities for exhibits, for which the Commission has no curatorial control. A community member complained about Cohen's works, and after reviewing "Confronting your Fears" and "The Telehone Call," Baton Rouge Recreation and Park Commissioner, Bill Elam, stated that the pieces were "not something that normal people should be viewing." The Gallery Director, Kathleen Sunderman, and other artists refused to remove their works. The gallery was closed and the artists dimantled the exhibit.



Results of Incident: The exhibit was closed entirely and the ACLU helped the artists file a lawsuit claiming the abridgement of First Amendment rights. The lawsuit is still pending.



Source: Artistic Expression Under Attack, 1995

Submitted By: NCAC

Date Input: Wednesday, October 1, 2003

Date Edited


Name: Work of Art Defaced at the University of Iowa   [ Edit ]

Date: 1985 - 1995

Location: North America

Subject: Nudity ,Political/Economic/Social Opinion

Medium: Sculpture

Artist: Jack Becker

Confronting Bodies: University of Iowa School of Social Work

Date of Action: 1994

Specific Location: Iowa City, Iowa

Description of Artwork: The untitled piece consisted of three bronze and fiberglass figures depicting a nude man, woman and child raising their arms as doves flew above them. The school commissioned the piece in the 1970s to represent a family confronting the real world and the family oriented curriculum of the school.



Description of Incident: The Director of the School of Social Work at the time of the incident, Martin Tracy, declared that the statue no longer reflected the school's message and "was offensive to the faculty and offensive to the students because it is a symbol of a dominant structure, a dominant culture, that does not adequately provide the protection of minority rights." Tracy removed the piece and placed it in the school's dumpster. Barbara McDonald, a former student, retrieved the piece noting that it had been defaced; the heads of the woman and child were removed and the man's throat was slashed and his eyes had been gouged out.



Results of Incident: McDonald took the sculpture home and is trying to repair it. In response to negative media attention about the incident, the school implemented a new review policy regarding the removal of public works.



Source: Artistic Freedom Under Attack, 1995

Submitted By: NCAC

Date Input: Tuesday, September 30, 2003

Date Edited


Name: Karen Finley Performance Violates Chicago Nude Dancing Law   [ Edit ]

Date: 1985 - 1995

Location: North America

Subject: Nudity

Medium: Performance Art

Artist: Karen Finley

Confronting Bodies: City attorney's office

Date of Action: 1994

Specific Location: Chicago, Illinios

Description of Artwork: A performance piece called, "A Certain Level of Denial," that confronts the goverment's role in the AIDS epidemic and women's rights to control their own bodies. Finley begins on stage wearing only a hat and shoes, eventually dressing while offering a monologue and social commentary.



Description of Incident: Chicago's Metro Club booked Finley to perform "A Certain Level of Denial" one year in advance. The club's attorney read a preview of the show one week prior to it's performance and warned the club owner, Joe Shanahan, about a local ordinance prohibiting nude dancing in venues that serve liquor. The city attorney agreed that Metro Club was not exempt from the law. Shanahan asked Finley to remove the nudity fom her show. When Finley refused Shanahan cancelled the performance and refunded the 200 tickets that had been sold.



Results of Incident: One day prior to the show's anticipated performance the city attorney's office reversed its decision, suggesting that the show did not violate the law, however, it was too late to reschedule the performance.



Source: Artistic Freedom Under Attack, 1995

Submitted By: NCAC

Date Input: Tuesday, September 30, 2003

Date Edited


Name: Georgia's State Legislature Punishes Public Television   [ Edit ]

Date: 1985 - 1995

Location: North America

Subject: Sexual/Gender Orientation

Medium: Television

Artist: Armistead Maupin

Confronting Bodies: The Georgia Chapter of the American Family Association, and state legislature.

Date of Action: 1994

Specific Location: Atlanta, Georgia

Description of Artwork: A television series called, "Tales of the City," that features the lives of several characters and their changing relationships. The series contains no sexually explicit scenes but contains brief nudity and adult language.



Description of Incident: "Tales of the City" was aired on Georgia's Public Broadcasting Station late in the evening and with an advisory warning. President of the American Family Association alerted its members nationwide against "the latest in an ongoing campaign by PBS to promote the homosexual agenda." Several scenes were sent to the Georgia state legislature who condemned the Public Television Station for airing the series.



Results of Incident: The state legislature eliminated $19.6 million dollars designated for the Public Broadcasting Station from the already approved budget.



Source: Artistic Freedom Under Attack, 1995

Submitted By: NCAC

Date Input: Tuesday, September 30, 2003

Date Edited


Name: Atlanta Chamber of Commerce Removes "Inappropriate" Exhibit   [ Edit ]

Date: 1985 - 1995

Location: North America

Subject: Explicit Sexuality ,Racial/Ethnic ,Other

Medium: Mixed Media ,Sculpture

Artist: Evan Levy

Confronting Bodies: Atlanta Chamber of Commerce

Date of Action: 1994

Specific Location: Atlanta, Georgia

Description of Artwork: The piece, "POWer Boxes" consisted of several mixed media sculptures using children's toys and other found objects installed within circuit breaker boxes. One box had letter blocks spelling the word "KING" and had a large muscular male doll wearing a Coca-Cola label aNd holding a syringe.



Description of Incident: Evan Levy was involved in a program called Artist in ResiDence International, an artist exchange program. Artist in Residence arranged to display some of their artist's work in the Atlanta Chamber Of Commerce's new hallway gallery. Levy's work was chosen and installed, however afterwards was questioned for it's appropriateness by the Director of Cultural Affairs for the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce, Beverly Losman, who had viewed slides of Levy's work prior to its installation. At night, Losman returned and removed two of Levy's works, claiming that they were not the ones that she had viewed.



Results of Incident: Losman's supervisor, Susan Neugent, ordered the entire exhibit removed.



Source: Artistic Freedom Under Attack, 1995

Submitted By: NCAC

Date Input: Tuesday, September 30, 2003

Date Edited


Name: Women kissing Women, Too Hot for Huntsville Alabama   [ Edit ]

Date: 1995 - 2005

Location: North America

Subject: Sexual/Gender Orientation

Medium: Television

Artist: National Broadcasting Company

Confronting Bodies: WAFF-TV of Alabama

Date of Action: 1995

Specific Location: Huntsville Alabama

Description of Artwork: "Serving in Silence: The Margarethe Cammermeyer Story" is a television drama based on the true-life of Col. Cammermeyer's discharge from the army because of her lesbianism.



Description of Incident: A scene in the movie depicts a kiss between the lesbian couple of Magarethe Cammermeyer and her lover. The television station WAFF-TV omitted the kiss scene, which they deemed too controversial to air on television.



Results of Incident: Despite a Huntsville resident calling the station to complain, the program director refused to comment on the issue. Sadly, the people of Huntsville have still not seen the scene.



Source: Artistic Freedom under Attack, People for the American Way.

Submitted By: Peter Silverman, NCAC

Date Input: Friday, September 26, 2003

Date Edited


Name: Paintings Removed from Gallery at University of Auburn   [ Edit ]

Date: 1995 - 2005

Location: North America

Subject: Sexual/Gender Orientation ,Nudity ,Political/Economic/Social Opinion

Medium: Painting

Artist: Michael Meads

Confronting Bodies: University faculty and Administrators at Auburn

Date of Action: 1996

Specific Location: Auburn University Telfair Peet Theatre's Student Gallery

Description of Artwork: Meads' aproximately 40 paintings, ink and oil-pastels use homosexuality thematically, while simultaneously addressing issues of death. Some typical works include portraits of Meads in his studion with male models. Five of the works contained nudity and none displayed sexual activity.



Description of Incident: The Chief curator and marketing director of the Telfair Peet Theatre, Linda Bell, invited Meads to dsiplay his work during the theatre run of a play entitled "Tis Pity She's a Whore." Bell found Meads work appropriate to be shown with the play because both works challenged cultural norms. The day before the show openned several faculty suggested that Meads' work be removed citing the homosexual nature of the work as a potential flash point of controversy amongst the theatre patrons. Bond, Auburn University's dean of liberal arts, investigated the exhibit upon the faculty's request and recommended to the director of the theatre that the works be removed.



Results of Incident: The theatre department considered removing the artwork in light of pressure placed upon them by the administration. Despite a risk that theatre and arts funding could be withheld by the administration if the theatre did not comply, the directors of the theatre decided to exhibit the work. However, when Meads was notified of the controversy he unilaterally removed his work, in fear that if he did not, the school would have removed it anyway and the theatre and art programs would be placed in financial jeopardy by the University.



Source: Artistic Freedom Under Attack, People for the American Way.

Submitted By: Peter Silverman, NCAC

Date Input: Friday, September 26, 2003

Date Edited


Name: Oxford City Council Takes the C out of Colonization and puts it in Censorship   [ Edit ]

Date: 1995 - 2005

Location: Europe

Subject: Political/Economic/Social Opinion ,Language

Medium: Performance Art

Artist: Sonja van Kerkhoff

Confronting Bodies: Oxford City Council, and artist collaborator.

Date of Action: October 2002

Specific Location: Oxford, England at the Carfax intersection.

Description of Artwork: The artwork was a series of performances and interactive pieces. An initial segment of the work engaged several artists to draw on the sidewalks of Oxford transposing cultural archetypes from their homelands on to the streets. Different sayings, monuments, and traditional activities were illustrated by artists, who hailed from all over Europe. One of the artists who helped Sonja organize the event became upset by the writings on the street. The irate artist then told Sonja to remove the work. Sonja, caring for the integrity of the simulation of colonization did not feel comfortable interceding in the messages delivered by her fellow colonizing artists. The disapproving member of the performance then acquired a mop and removed the work. The project continued on from there relatively smoothing. The remaining performances continued to focus on aspects of colonization, such as artists exchanging and trading objects to the native Oxfordians, which had no intrinsic value to them (e.g. a plastic coin), in an effort to have the population adopt Sonja, "the colonizer's," values. The final stage of the performance received much scrutiny from the local government. The last piece was to incorporate four different groups situated at the four corners of the Carfax intersection. One group of artists would sit and read silently, the second would stand and read aloud narrations from their own cultures works, the third group would read pieces of poetry that were culturally poignant, and the fourth group was designed to debate amongst themselves issues of language and colonization.



Description of Incident: Sonja submitted the proposal for the fourth scene to May Wylie, the twinning officer for the City Council of Oxford. The Council ruled Sonja was not allowed to use the title "Colonizing Oxford,” no publicity was allowed for this piece, and all the reading material had to be submitted to the council for approval. Furthermore, a debater was not allowed to participate by decree of the council. The council's explanation for their censorship was that the political nature of the work would cause race riots. They elaborated stating such work would threaten the non-political nature of artistic exchange between cities that was the council's purpose in allowing Sonja, a Dutch woman, to perform her work at Oxford. The city council after reviewing the pieces to be read aloud, strongly dissented against and prohibited readers from orating in their native tongue. The chief Counselor when confronted with her acts of censorship by the press responded, stating "We were concerned for her [Sonja's] safety and we thought that this event might cause a breach of race relations. It would be like an Oxford artist going over to Holland and giving talks on how the Dutch were colonial. It has nothing to do with modern-day life." Sonja memorialized the mutilation of her work by the council, through entitling the last segment of her work "Olonizing Oxford," removing the C.



Results of Incident: Sonja went to the press regarding the incident. A great social uproar ensued. The city council denied censoring the work and claimed the abridgement was for reasons of traffic safety. After the fervor subsided, however and an article appeared in the Oxford Mail, Sonja received the following email from Councilor Craig Simmons.

"Myself and Oxford's other Green Party Councilors were saddened to hear of your treatment during your recent visit to our city.

We DID NOT agree with the Council's decision to ban your work. If you wish to return and perform again in Oxford we are happy to support you."

Sonja will be taking them up on their offer sometime in 2003.



Source: Index for Free Expression, and Sonja's website.

Submitted By: Peter Silverman, NCAC

Date Input: Friday, September 26, 2003

Date Edited


Name: Teacher Suspended for Assigning Controverial Film   [ Edit ]

Date: 1985 - 1995

Location: North America

Subject: Language ,Other

Medium: Film Video

Artist: Luis Valdez

Confronting Bodies: Santana High School

Date of Action: 1994

Specific Location: Santee, California

Description of Artwork: Film "Zoot Suit," which depicts prejudice against Mexican Americans in Los Angeles during World War II. The film contains strong language and scenes of violence between U.S. servicemen and Mexican Americans.



Description of Incident: English teacher, Reiko Obata, decided to show "Zoot Suit" to her eleventh grade class to help counteract prejudice against Mexican Americans at the predominantley white school. Obata followed school policy for viewing an "R" rated movie by requesting permission from the parents of her students. However, school officials blocked the film's showing, citing that it did not relate to school subject matter.



Results of Incident: The school suspended Obata with pay for the remainder of the semester. After recieving 200 signatures requesting that the decision be reversed, the school decided to view "Zoot Suit" however no students attended it's showing.



Source: Artistic Expression Under Attack, 1995

Submitted By: NCAC

Date Input: Wednesday, September 24, 2003

Date Edited


Name: Artist's Work Considered Too Political for Exhibit   [ Edit ]

Date: 1985 - 1995

Location: North America

Subject: Political/Economic/Social Opinion

Medium: Mixed Media

Artist: Michael Duffy

Confronting Bodies: Santa Cruz Arts Commission

Date of Action: 1994

Specific Location: Santa Cruz California

Description of Artwork: One piece in question was a caricature of a local official surrounded by stuffed weasels called "A Bunch of Weasel." Another was a collage targeting White House Chief of Staff Leon Panetta, and Duffy's disappointment with his treatment after leaving the United States Army called "Thanks, Leon."



Description of Incident: The Santa Cruz Arts Commission invited Duffy to exhibit his works for three months in a government center. While Duffy was installing the five pieces that he chose, he was asked to remove the two considered more political than those in his original proposal.



Results of Incident: "A Bunch of Weasels" and "Thanks, Leon" were not included in the exhibit, though the remainder of Duffy's works were allowed to stay.



Source: Artistic Freedom Under Attack, 1995

Submitted By: NCAC

Date Input: Wednesday, September 24, 2003

Date Edited


Name: Local Authorities Object to San Francisco Bay Area Mural   [ Edit ]

Date: 1985 - 1995

Location: North America

Subject: Nudity

Medium: Painting

Artist: Various Women Artists formthe San Francisco Bay Area

Confronting Bodies: San Leandro's Zoning Enforcement Commission and local businessperson.

Date of Action: 1994

Specific Location: San Leandro, California

Description of Artwork: A patchwork mural, divided into sections for each participating artist, wrapping around a warehouse.



Description of Incident: Local businessman, Ed Camozzi, objected to nudity in five areas of the mural and to the mural's title, "As in Love, Women make the Difference." The city's Zoning Enforcement Commission rejected the mural citing that it was distracting and could cause traffic accidents.



Results of Incident: Project organizer, Alice Campbell, and her son appealed the commission's decision and began working on the mural simultaneously. The piece was finished before the city council met. Because police found no traffic hazard the piece was allowed to stay. However, Campbell was reprimanded and fined for proceeding without city approval.



Source: Artistic Freedom Under Attack, 1995

Submitted By: NCAC

Date Input: Wednesday, September 24, 2003

Date Edited


Name: San Jose Mall Cancels Artists' Exhibit   [ Edit ]

Date: 1985 - 1995

Location: North America

Subject: Other

Medium: Mixed Media ,Installation

Artist: E.G. Crichton, Mary Tsiongas

Confronting Bodies: Pavilion shopping center officials

Date of Action: 1994

Specific Location: San Jose, California

Description of Artwork: A mixed-media installation containing lights and mirrored reflections throughout the shopping center. The piece, entitled "Game Over," reflected the character of the mall after a number of stores had vacated.



Description of Incident: The San Jose Art League, working within the Pavilion shopping center, contracted Crichton and Tsiongas to design and construct an exhibit throughout the center. The contract agreed that the piece would not have any negative effects on the shopping center. The artists sent a press release describing their work, referring the the mall's difficulty maintaining businesses, which the Pavilion owners considered portraying the shopping center in a negative light. The mall responded by refusing the installation even before construction began.



Results of Incident: The installation was cancelled and Crichton and Tsiongas were forbidden to work on future Pavilion projects.



Source: Artistic Expression Under Attack, 1995.

Submitted By: NCAC

Date Input: Wednesday, September 24, 2003

Date Edited


Name: San Diego Police Threaten Gallery Owners with Arrest   [ Edit ]

Date: 1985 - 1995

Location: North America

Subject: Explicit Sexuality ,Nudity

Medium: Photography

Artist: Charles Gatewood

Confronting Bodies: San Diego Police Department, and local tour company

Date of Action: 1994

Specific Location: San Diego, California

Description of Artwork: Six large-scale photographic silkscreens of various subjects, including a nude woman in a reclining position.



Description of Incident: Responding to a complaint from a local tour company, San Diego police asked the Rita Dean Gallery owners, Cathee Schultz and J.D. Higgins, to remove Gatewood's pieces from their front window, allegedly threatening the two with arrest. Schultz and Higgins placed pieces of cardboard reading "Censored" over the subject's nipples and groin areas.



Results of Incident: Artist Charles Gatewood responded by contacting the ACLU of San Diego and Imperial Counties, who informed the San Diego police of their violation of the First Amendment. When the gallery removed the cardboard pieces, there was no response from the San Diego police.



Source: Artistic Freedom Under Attack

Submitted By: NCAC

Date Input: Wednesday, September 24, 2003

Date Edited


Name: Los Angeles Community Mural Accused of Promoting Violence   [ Edit ]

Date: 1985 - 1995

Location: North America

Subject: Political/Economic/Social Opinion

Medium: Public art

Artist: Noni Olabisi

Confronting Bodies: Los Angeles Cultural Affairs Commission

Date of Action: 1994

Specific Location: Los Angeles, California

Description of Artwork: A 54-foot mural depicting the legacy of the Black Panther Party. Images contained party founder, Huey Newton, and others holding rifles as well as pictures of Panther community programs like the Sickle-cell Anemia drive and the establishment of food and clothing banks.



Description of Incident: Members of the Jefferson Park community, including building owners, local artists, and community and local organization members approved Olabisi's proposal. When the proposal reached the Los Angeles Cultural Affairs Commission it was rejected, suggesting that the work promoted violence. The commission also claimed that the mural lacked community support. Olabisi returned to the commission with 900 signatures and a report on the community involvement in the design process, however the proposal was still rejected.



Results of Incident: The sponsors of the project, the Social and Public Art Resource Center, petitioned the ACLU, who wrote the Commission accusing them of violating "freedoms guaranteed by the First Amendment." The next day the Commission approved the mural, however the Resource Center decided to rely on private funding for the project.



Source: Artisic Freedom Under Attack, 1995.

Submitted By: NCAC

Date Input: Wednesday, September 24, 2003

Date Edited


Name: California Gallery Asked to Remove Nude Male Image   [ Edit ]

Date: 1985 - 1995

Location: North America

Subject: Explicit Sexuality ,Nudity

Medium: Painting

Artist: Alv Wilenius

Confronting Bodies: Guerneville, California police and local shopowner.

Date of Action: 1994

Specific Location: Guerneville, California.

Description of Artwork: Depiction of a male nude, water-dwelling, Scandinavian mythical spirit called Nackens reaching up from a pool seemingly pulling another nude male into the water. The spirit's hands and head were said to be in close proximity to the other man's penis.



Description of Incident: Responding to a complaint, local police asked gallery owner, Khysie Horn, to remove Wilenius' painting, citing that it violated state obscenity laws. At first Horn removed the piece, though later put it back in place with a cloth covering the questionable area.



Results of Incident: After covering the piece Horn wrote Assistant District Attorney, J. Michael Mullins, questioning the obscenity of the painting. Mullins determined that the piece was not obscene because "one of the key elements is whether or not a particular piece of material lacks 'serious literary and artitic value'." Following this announcement the cloth was removed from the piece.



Source: Artistic Freedom Under Attack, 1995

Submitted By: NCAC

Date Input: Wednesday, September 24, 2003

Date Edited


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