Description of Incident: Boxer taught Portuguese history at the University of London. His books upset Portuguese officials at a time when they were struggling to keep their African holdings. His book "The Portuguese Seaborne Empire" draws attention to legal and social discrimination toward Jews who converted to Catholicism. Another of his books "Race Relations in the Portuguese Colonial Empire, 1415-1821" denies claims that Portuguese colonists were civil toward black Africans. Portuguese intellectuals told Boxer that he should return his Portuguese honours.

Results of Incident: The Portuguese dictatorship, under president Salazar, did not permit the sale of his books in bookstores. His work became recognized after the fall of the dictatorship in 1974.

Description of Incident: Mein printed lists of names in the Boston Chronicle that accused colonial merchants of breaking a British nonimportation agreement. Mein's name appeared on a list of merchants who violated the trade agreement printed by a group of merchants. In response Mein published another letter accusing the Merchants' Committee of using the nonimportation agreement to lock out other merchants from trade, while they profited from the goods. The argument precipitated as Mein's office was ransacked, men who resembed him were beaten in the streets and he was hanged in effigy.

Results of Incident: Mein left the colonies with 2000 pounds of debt and spent one year in debtor's prison in London. He continued writing for London newspapers against the patriot movement. In 1770, the Boston Chronicle closed.

Description of Incident: Bose was first arrested in 1924 and again in 1932-1933 for plotting to overthrow the British colonial government. No charges were ever brought against him. During his house arrest he was forbidden to communicate with anyone except family members. Bose was elected to the Indian National Congress in 1939 but left to form the Forward Bloc, within the congress, to advocate Indian independence. The Forward Bloc was banned from the Congress by 1940. During the war Bose made anti-British radio broadcasts from Germany and Japan and organized the Indian National Army.

Results of Incident: Britain censored Bose's writings and correspondence in addition to banning his movement through government institutions and public radio. Bose supposedly died in a plane crash in Japan in 1945, however, his disappearance has been contested.

Description of Incident: Some call his work a Trojan Horse for Luther's reformation. After the reformation the Catholic church became more strict in regard to publishing printed material. Erasmus's works were placed on the Catholic Church's first "Index Librorum Prohibitorum," a collection of banned texts.

Results of Incident: Erasmus's writings were not suppressed until after his death. Some portions of "In Praise of Folly" and the "Colloquies" were revised and accepted, but pages were struck out.

Description of Incident: J.F. Rutherford put together the pamphlet during World War II condeming both the Axis and Allied forces. His pamphlet accused the Allies of sinning by not fighting for the "Theocracy." The British colonial powers in India banned the pamphlet and confiscated all copies.

Results of Incident: The pamphlet was forbiden from publication, sale and distribution in August 1942.

Description of Incident: In 1892 the British writer and literary critic John Addington Symonds asked Ellis to dedicate one of the volumes of his study to homosexuality. Ellis agreed, and the publisher, Watford University Press, published the volume "Sexual Inversion." After Symonds's death in 1895 his family bought the entire first printing of "Sexual Inversion" and had it destroyed. Watford University Press was targeted by police who sought to prevent the "flooding of the country with books of the 'psychology type' by free love anarchists." The book's editor, George Bedborough, was arrested and prosecuted for selling "a certain lewd wicked bawdy scandalous and obscene libel in the form of a book entitled 'Studies in the...'"

Results of Incident: The other volumes of Ellis's study were published internationally. None were ever successfully published in Britain.

Description of Incident: Eisenstein's film "The Battleship Potemkin" (1926) was burned by French customs upon arrival, banned from public viewing in Britain, and banned by movie theaters in Pennsylvania because it "gives American sailors a blueprint as to how to conduct a mutiny." His film "October" (1927) was written to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the October Revolution. The film was altered because it failed to glorify Stalin. Stalin also had all references to Trotsky removed.

Results of Incident: "The Battleship Potemkin" was banned in Britain until 1954. Eisenstein continued to make films, however, they were subject to the scrutiny of the Communist party.

Description of Incident: Echeverria founded the Association of the Young Argentine Generation to encourage liberalism and romanticism in creative writing. Many of the group's, including Echeverria's, writings were written in the magazine "La Moda." "La Moda" was closed by Rosas's government and Echeverria was exiled.

Results of Incident: Rosas exiled many liberal Argentine writers. Echeverria and other writers continued to write literature critical of the Argentine government from Uruguay and Chile.

Description of Incident: "The Gross Clinic" was refused entry into the American section of the Centennial Exhibition in 1875 but was allowed in the medical section where it recieved unfavorable responses from critics. Eakins earned a reputation for boldness. In 1886, while teaching at the Philadelphia Academy of Fine Arts, he was reprimanded for allowing a nude male model into a co-ed painting class. Eakins believed that male and female students should recieve identical educations. The school gave him two choices: change his teaching style, or resign.

Results of Incident: Eakins resigned from the Philadelphia Academy. He was also banned from the Philadelphia Sketch Club and fired from a position at the Drexel Institute for using a male model in a co-ed classroom.

Description of Incident: When Brazil's army and their right-wing leaders took control of the government in 1964 Boal's plays were banned and he was arrested and tortured. He was released from prison in 1971 but was exiled for 15 years.

Results of Incident: During his exile Boal traveled the world lecturing and teaching. He returned to Brazil after the return of civilian rule in the mid-1980s.

Description of Incident: The Lord Chamberlain, Lord Cobbold, was willing to give Bond a license for the play if he was willing to rewrite the mob scene. Bond refused and was not given a license to perform the play. Another of his plays, "Narrow Road to the Deep North," suffered severe editing before it could run.

Results of Incident: The play showed at private clubs and influenced a controversial trial that led to the end of theater censorship in England in 1966. The case helped invigorate the English Stage Company, a theater group of the Royal Court Theater in London.

Description of Incident: Blyton is the world's most successful children's author to date, having published over 600 books between 1922 and 1937. Her books are said to be written from a middle-class perspective, containing heavy morals and strong purpose. During the 1960s and 1970s publishers began demanding that Blyton change her characters to fit the multicultural society that Britain boasted. Libraries removed her work from their shelves for her "political incorrectness" and alleged racism, classism and sexism. Some critics believed that her work was harmful to young readers.

Results of Incident: Blyton remains the world's most successful children's book writer. After the 1970s, libraries to reintroduced her work to their shelves, except with changes. For example, the Golliwogs names were changed to Wiggie, Waggie and Wollie.

Description of Incident: "Are you there..." was banned by Blume's children's elementary school principal. Around the country, critics called her work, "anti-Christian and against parental and school authority." In 1983, schools in Leesburg, Florida and Peoria, Illinois, removed her books from their school libraries.

Results of Incident: The ACLU has challenged much of the censorship against Blume's books. Many of her titles are still on the American Library Association's banned books list.

Description of Incident: Joyce's piece was part of an exhibit in Stewart International Airport in Newburgh, New York. Officials removed the painting after recieving 15 complaints in two days. A spokesperson for the airport, Kiran Jain, stated, "we reacted to this particular thing in the same way we would if someone told us the door knob in the men's room was broken."

Results of Incident: Following the painting's removal 40 stroller-wheeling mothers protested outside the airport terminal. The protest recieved mixed reviews from passersby. Some showed support while others averted their eyes.

Description of Incident: Bisikisi's first play, "When Africans Clash," was a success. His second play, "The Going and the Return," exposed the corruption within and poor quality of the state universities. He directly condemned president Mobutu for the shortcomings of state educational institutions. The play was banned and siezed and Bisikisi's Theatre du Grands Negres was disbanded. While suspended from producing, Bisikisi re-worked "When Africans Clash" making it more critical of Mobutu. He portrayed Mobutu's government as an extension of slavery and colonization through arbitrary arrest and murder. In December 1977, it was also banned and siezed.

Results of Incident: Bisikisi was arrested and tortured. He was later exiled to his village and denied legal representation or deportation to France. In 1983, the version of "When Africans Clash" published in France was also banned in DRC.