Description of Incident: Bruno moved throughout Europe during his lifetime. He was a Dominican monk in Naples but was expelled from his order when he removed all of the items in his dorm room except for a crucifix. He lived among Calvinists in Geneva until they disapproved of a treatise that he wrote. The Calvinists imprisoned him and burned the treatise. He challenged Copernicus and Aristotle. His ideology, that there existed infinite universes, challenged the Christian notion that Jesus's incarnation was unique. While in Venice in 1592 he offended his host by preaching against the Holy Trinity and Jesus Christ's miracles.

Results of Incident: After nine months in a Venetian prison Bruno was transfered to Rome and asked to abjure his statements. When he refused he was burned at the stake with his writings. In 1889 a statue of Bruno was erected in Rome. Some now believe that the papacy did more harm than good by condemning him to death.

Description of Incident: Brutus's troubles with the South African censors began when he was fired from his teaching position under the Suppression of Communism Act because of his involvement with the Trotskyite Teachers League of South Africa and the Unity Movement. He became a journalist but was banned from publishing and joining any organizations. He served 18-months in prison for violating his banning order.

Results of Incident: Brutus left South Africa to practice journalism and teach around the world. He also published several volumes of his poetry internationally. Brutus was allowed to publish in South Africa in 1988.

Description of Incident: Dr. Jiang's daughter, Jiang Rui, became worried when Jiang Yanyong and his wife hadn't been seen for three days. She asked hospital officials, where he works, about his whereabouts and felt that they were acting "evasive." According to the family, officials said, "they are safe...you should not go beyond the authority to whom you report."

Results of Incident: China has placed other dissidents under house arrest and moved some outside of Beijing to prevent protests for the 15th anniversary of Tiananmen Square. Jiang's whereabouts remain unknown.

Description of Incident: Breytenbach met censorship throughout his career in South Africa. He represents one of the first Afrikaan writers to face censorship under the apartheid. Breytenbach was forced to make changes to "To Fly..." in 1965. His second collection of poems, "The House of the Deaf," had several political poems that were removed by the publisher. In 1972 his collection "Sinking Ship Blue" was banned in South Africa because it was allegedly offensive to religious populations and threatened the safety of the country. Several of his other works were also banned in South Africa.

Results of Incident: Breytenbach was forced to leave South Africa because he married a Vietnamese woman, violating South Africa's Immorality Law. He was arrested in 1975 for returning to South Africa from France with a fake passport. He was released in 1985 and continued to criticize South African apartheid.

Description of Incident: Borges related the manner that Peron took control of Argentina after WWII to the manner in which Hitler gained support in Germany during the 1930s. The year after Peron came to power Borges was forced to resign from his job as a library clerk at the National Library and demoted to inspect poultry and rabbits in a public market. In 1947 his mother was put under house arrest and his sister incarcerated for one month for listening to anti-Peron slogans near a protest.

Results of Incident: Borges eventually became an English teacher. He refrained from speaking out against the Peronistas.

Description of Incident: Fang's emperor fell from power after a a civil war in 1399. The conquering leader asked Fang to write the law legitimizing his succession. Fang refused and was tortured and killed along with his relatives, friends, associates, students, neighbors and anyone with the most remote connections to him. In addition, a de facto ban was placed on all of his works. In 1404 a man named Zhang Pu was caught with a copy of Fang's writings and was executed.

Results of Incident: A student printed a compilation of Fang's work under alternate titles throughout the 15th century. Fang became a national hero and has been venerated in China ever since.

Description of Incident: The Fandango is a folk dance created in Spain's colonies and was brought to Spain during the 18th century. The church condemned the Fandango calling it lewd and immoral. When Spain fought economic trouble and political discontent during the early 18th century officials banned the dance and other folk cultural events. Spanish officials claimed that the Fandago was "improper for Spaniards, and offensive to the nobility."

Results of Incident: In 1776 the dance was also prohibited in the territory that is now Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay and Bolivia. It is likely that the prohibition of the Fandango did not last long.

Description of Incident: Faludy's translation of "Germany" was banned in Hungary. During World War II none of his work was published in Hungary and his books were burned and pulped by the pro-Nazi Hungarian government.

Results of Incident: After being imprisoned in 1946, for alleged espionage, Faludy fled Hungary. He was able to teach at Columbia University, attain Costa Rican citizenship and publish worldwide.

Description of Incident: In 1909 Falk was expelled from the Moscow School of Painting for associating with "leftist" artists like Cezanne, Toulouse-Lautrec and Matisse. After World War II the president of the Academy of Arts criticized his work and encouraged museums not to exhibit his paintings. Only one of the ten paintings he submitted to the All-Union Art Exhibition in 1947 was accepted.

Results of Incident: Khrushchev allowed Falk's work to be exhibited in 1962 for the 30 Years of Moscow Art exhibition. His work appeared more often during Gorbachev's era. Falk is now a celebrated Russian artist.

Description of Incident: Estrella was a glorified Argentine pianist who gave up playing in great concert halls to perform at sugar mills. He denounced Argentina's military governments and played for labor unions. When Peron died in 1972 Estrella was banned from playing concerts for workers. He moved to Uruguay in 1977 where he played live and radio broadcast concerts. He was abducted by Uruguayan secret police, tortured and imprisoned for four-and-a-half years for "subversive association" and "offences against the constitution."

Results of Incident: Estrella was released from prison after recieving broad international support. He was deported to Paris where he healed from his wounds, inflicted by the interrogators, and continued to perform for trade union groups.

Description of Incident: Lori Haigh, the Copobianco Gallery's owner, temporarily closed her doors after recieving hateful and threatening phone calls in response to the "The Abuse," which hung in the gallery's front window. Haigh removed the painting from view for safety, as advised by San Francisco police. She has been called "un-American" and was spat at by an angry viewer while she worked. One reporter suggested that the painting be burned.

Results of Incident: Haigh decided to close the gallery temporarily, and may close for good, because she fears for her family's safety. Activists and friends have gathered to support her and encourage her to reopen the Copobianco. Colwell has decided to keep the piece for himself.

Description of Incident: In response to occasional listener complaints and recent Federal Communication Commission crackdowns, the University of Rochester has decided that all of its radio station's programs must be pre-recorded. University of Rochester's dean stated, "it's basically a response to the heightened sensitivities and the broadcast climates...a way to make sure we're careful."

Results of Incident: The station will test the pre-recorded programming during the summer and decide whether or not to continue it during the fall 2004 semester. The National Public Radio and BBC programs that WRUR hosts will continue to air live.

Description of Incident: The novel was said to have broken every taboo in apartheid striken South Africa. It contained the Immorality Act, 180-day detention, murder, torture, revolutionary violence, black power and censorship. The novel was the first written in Africaans to address race relations. It was banned on the grounds that it broke religious edicts with graphic sexual content juxtaposed with religious themes under the Publications and Entertainment Act in February 1974. The English version of the book was also banned in 1974.

Results of Incident: In 1981 the publications committee declared the work "not undesirable" and it was cleared from censor. However, "Looking on Darkness" was only available for readers 18-years of age and older.

Description of Incident: Channel 4 was scheduled to air "Brazil: Cinema..." in June 1985, however, IBA officials, in agreement with Channel 4's management, banned the program only five ours prior to its viewing. The IBA claimed that it had jurisdiction from the Broadcasting Act of 1981 that allows them to block media that may be offensive. In August 1985, Channel 4 agreed to cut three scenes from the film. In September the IBA banned the film again because the program's producers added commentary stating that the IBA censored those segments of the film.

Results of Incident: The program never aired on Channel 4.

Description of Incident: The Brazilian military government, that had recently taken control, accused the texts of teaching Marxism and inaccuracy. The ISEB's offices were burglarized and material for the books was stolen. The Editora Brasiliense agreed to publish the books, however, before publication they were siezed.

Results of Incident: The authors of the texts were arrested and sent to exile. Grants for historians were severely cut in Brazil.