Description of Incident: Bardem's films have been censored through manipulation or editing by Franco's authorities from the start of Bardem's career. In one film, "Death of a Cyclist (1956)," Bardem was forced to remove sequences of a student demonstration and clash with the police from the film. In another, "The Revenge (1957)," Bardem had to change the year in which the film was set from the 1950s to 1931. The censors wanted to eliminate any connection between the dismal social conditions in the film to Franco's government.

Results of Incident: Bardem continued to make films, complying with the arbitrary changes. His later films lost the recognition that his earlier films earned; some believe it is because of the changes forced upon them by the Spanish authorities.

Description of Incident: In "Mary and Human Liberation" Balasuriya argued that the myth of Eve's temptation of Adam, to eat the fruit from the tree of knowledge, is merely a denigration of women; different religions offer different paths to God; and that there should be no objection to a "black, brown white or yellow Pope." Church officials found these comments unacceptable and excommunicated Balasuriya in 1997. He refused to sign a "Profession of Faith" to prevent his excommunication.

Results of Incident: In 1998, Balasuriya withdrew the statements that the Vatican found most offensive. He was permitted back into the Catholic Church.

Description of Incident: His treatise, "On Freedom of the Press and its Limits," describes freedom as the "jewel of all thinking beings and the nobility of mankind." He suggested that people must find religion for themselves through free thought and expression rather than blindly following their church leaders. Bahrdt wrote a play satirizing the German king called "The Religious Edict." The play challenged the suppression of speech and expression. Barhdt was imprisoned for the production of this play.

Results of Incident: Barhdt was released from prison after one year. It is believed that his release was granted by the king's chief minister so that Barhdt would not be viewed as a martyr.

Description of Incident: Babel' admitted to censoring his own stories because of the places and descriptions of Red Army atrocities. Critics accused him of slandering the army. The literary magazine, Bereshit, tried to publish six of his stories but was withdrawn from libraries and the stories included were banned. Another collection of Babel's stories, that opposed anti-Semitism, were considered harmful and were banned. In 1936 Babel' wrote a screenplay which was delayed by the censors and never completed. He was arrested after he openly opposed the creation of a Writer's Union. In 1939 Babel' was accused of engaging in anti-Soviet activity and passing information to foreign powers. He was executed in 1940.

Results of Incident: A collection of Babel's accepted collected works was published in 1957, but the remainder of his collection was retained until the 1980s.

Description of Incident: During the 1880s Russia tightened control of its imperial holdings in Eastern Europe. One of its edicts was the abolition of the Latin alphabet. As a result, the newspaper, Ausra (Dawn), began publishing clandestinely in Prussia. Members of the Lithuanian community smuggled it across the German-Lithuanian border, risking significant prison sentences. Russia feared it could incite nationalist movements throughout the empire by uniting nations that were denied their native languages, such as Ukraine, Belarus, Armenia and Georgia.

Results of Incident: Although it was never free to publish in Lithuania, Ausra evolved into the periodical, Varpas, that played a major role in Lithuanian independence, eventually won in 1918.

Description of Incident: The United States' occupation forces censored information that described the consequences of the atom bombs throughout the occupation of Japan, from 1945-1952. The newspaper, Asashi Shimbun, was cancelled after it accused the U.S. of war crimes by using the bombs. Domei, the central news agency supported by the U.S. occupiers, was suspended for suggesting that only "barbarians" would use such weapons. The books Nagasaki no Kane (Bell of Nagasaki) and Masako Taorezu (Masako Does Not Collapse), that described the explosion and results of the blast, were banned from publication. In addition, doctors were forbidden from publishing medical material about the effects of the bomb.

Results of Incident: In April 1952, the first pictures of the bombs' aftermath were released in the magazine, Asashi Gurafu. The books, Nagasaki no Kane and Masako Taorezu were published in 1949.

Description of Incident: From the onset of production, Askoldov was forced to make changes to his film. Members of Goskino believed that the film presented the revolution too dramatically, and not heroically enough. Askoldov was forced to change the character's language to make her appear less coarse, and to make the birth scene so it was less natural. After the Six Day War, Goskino had Askoldov change the nationality of the Jewish family and remove all references to the holocaust. In 1968, Askoldov recieved a letter commenting on the vulgar manner that the character crushed her sugar lumps in one scene. In March of 1969, Askoldov was dismissed from the film and reprimanded by the Communist Party.

Results of Incident: In 1986 the "Conflict Commission" of the Film-makers Union recommended the re-release of "The Commissar." Goskino refused to act. After a plea from Askoldov at the Moscow Film Festival, the film was reconstructed in 1988. It won the Silver Bear Special Jury Prize at the Berlin Film Festival in 1988.

Description of Incident: "The God of Vengeance" was attacked by critics when it premiered in New York City in 1922. It was called "ugly, sordid and repellent beyond any play that has yet been presented on the contemporary English-speaking stage," and "hopelessly foreign to our Anglo-Saxon taste and understanding." The play was closed and the producer, director and 12 actors were arrested. A jury found them all guilty of presenting an indecent play. The producer and director/lead actor, Rudolph Schildkraut, paid $250 fines; their prison sentences, in addition to those of the other actors, were suspended.

Results of Incident: The play has been translated into nine different languages. When the Jewish Repertory Theater revived the play in 1992, it recieved similar complaints.

Description of Incident: French press alerted the director of "Radiodiffusion Francaise", Wladimir Porche, of the controversial contents of Artaud's work. Porche allowed a private listening of the piece before it aired. Those who attended, including a Dominican priest, approved the segement; however, Porche did not permit the piece to air.

Results of Incident: Artaud's piece was published in print and a public audition was held in February 1948. Artaud died of cancer one month later.

Description of Incident: The exhibit was compiled by a team of sociologists, museum directors and Exhibition International's professional staff. After the exhibition's installation, Mattel officials began making changes. They removed Barbie dolls that were fat, pregnant or scandalously dressed. Mattel officials also removed an essay that examined the "gay look" of Barbie's "boyfriend" Ken, and why children are known to draw nipples on Barbie dolls. Mattel officials suggested that their intention was to appeal to family values and protect sensitive children. Exhibition officials believed that Mattel merely intended to promote the doll through the exhibition.

Results of Incident: Mattel officials made several changes to the exhibit in the final moments of its installation. The director of the Cranbrook Art Museum in Michigan decided not to host the exhibit after the incident recieved coverage in several newspapers and periodicals.

Description of Incident: The Salvadorean government forbid the publication of critical literature. The only place to find social protest literature was in the library of the University of Central America. Repression of such writers led Argueta to flee to Costa Rica and publish his work from Argentina.

Results of Incident: "A Day in the Life" was availible in Catholic book stores and some hotels even though it was offically prohibited from publication.

Description of Incident: Pope Clement VII banned the "Sonnetti" in 1527. Aretino's succeeding pornographic works were also forbidden by the church. His writing was considered dangerous because of its unashamed celebration of sexuality in its many forms and Aretino's "refusal to restrict his audience to men of virtue."

Results of Incident: In Venice, book printers were allowed to print 50 copies of Aretino's works each year, despite the ban. Translations circulated in Dutch, English, French, Spanish and Latin. European writers referenced his work throughout the century.

Description of Incident: When Franco became the dictator of Spain in 1936 he forbid the use of languages other than Castilian that were present in Spain, such as Catalan and Basque. Aresti's poetry was met with resistance for its use of the Basque language. In his book, "Justice Prohibited (1961)," he took a direct political stance and was promptly banned.

Results of Incident: Aresti conspired with other Basque writers in France who began creating and publishing openly in Basque. His work, which delineated from Basque songs and oral traditions, are regarded among the most influential works in Basque literature.

Description of Incident: Even though his first novel, "Singing from the Well (1967)," was celebrated internationally, Arenas was persecuted when Cuban officials denounced and attacked homosexual writers. All of his works following "Singing from the Well" were banned from publication in Cuba. Arenas was imprisoned and banished from Cuba in 1980.

Results of Incident: Arenas' novels have been published throughout the world and have won numerous literary awards. He is one of the most notable Cuban writers. Arenas died of AIDS in 1987.

Description of Incident: Apollinaire tested the bounds of sexual expression in literature, challenging the Third Republic's virtuous facade. However, Apollinaire never claimed authorship of his book because he feared prosecution under France's public obscenity statute, passed in 1898. The law forbid the publishing of many of his works, as well as other writers of erotic literature. In 1924 Apollinaire was accredited for writing "Lez Onze Mille Verges." In 1931, a censored version of his book was published.

Results of Incident: During World War I Apollinaire surreptitiously worked to publish banned books. In 1970, "Les Onze Mille Verges," was publicly published, uncut.